New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Klebsiella pneumoniae, the bacterium in which NDM-1 was first identified.
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1)[1] is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These include the antibiotics of the carbapenem family, which are a mainstay for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The gene for NDM-1 is one member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. Bacteria that produce carbapenemases are often referred to in the news media as "superbugs" because infections caused by them are difficult to treat. Such bacteria are usually only susceptible to polymyxins and tigecycline.[2]
NDM-1 was first detected in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from a Swedish patient of Indian origin in 2008[3]. It was later detected in bacteria in India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, the United States,[4] Canada,[5] Japan[6] and Brazil.[7] The most common bacteria that make this enzyme are Gram negative such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, but the gene for NDM-1 can spread from one strain of bacteria to another by horizontal gene transfer.




1 Enzyme function
2 Origin and spread
3 Indian response
4 First death
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
8 External links


Enzyme function:-
Structure of the carbapenem backbone.
Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics which are capable of killing most bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of one of their cell wall layers. The carbapenems were developed to overcome antibiotic resistance mediated by bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. However, the blaNDM-1 gene produces NDM-1, which is a carbapenemase beta-lactamase - an enzyme that hydrolyzes and inactivates these carbapenem antibiotics.
Carbapenemases are particularly dangerous resistance mechanisms, since they can inactivate a wide range of different antibiotics.[8] The NDM-1 enzyme is one of the class B metallo-beta-lactamase; other types of carbapenemase are class A or class D beta-lactamases.[9] (The class A Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) is currently the most common carbapenemase, which was first detected in North Carolina, USA, in 1996 and has since spread worldwide.[10] A later publication indicated that Enterobacteriaceae that produce KPC were becoming common in the United States.[11])
The resistance conferred by this gene (blaNDM-1) therefore aids the expansion of bacteria that carry it throughout a human host, since they will face less opposition/competition from populations of antibiotic-sensitive bacteria, which will be diminished by the original antibacterial treatment.


Origin and spread:-
The NDM-1 enzyme was named after New Delhi, the capital city of India, as it was first described by Yong et al. in December 2009 in a Swedish national who fell ill with an antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection that he acquired in India.[12] The infection was unsuccessfully treated in a New Delhi hospital and after the patient's repatriation to Sweden, a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain bearing the novel gene was identified. The authors concluded that the new resistance mechanism "clearly arose in India, but there are few data arising from India to suggest how widespread it is."[12] In March 2010 a study in a hospital in Mumbai found that most carbapenem-resistant bacteria isolated from patients carried the blaNDM-1 gene.[13]
In May 2010, a case of infection with E. coli expressing NDM-1 was reported in Coventry in the United Kingdom.[14] The patient was a man of Indian origin who had visited India 18 months previously, where he had undergone dialysis. In initial assays the bacteria was fully resistant to all antibiotics tested, while later tests found that it was susceptible to tigecycline and colistin. The authors warned that international travel and patients' use of multiple countries' healthcare systems could lead to the "rapid spread of NDM-1 with potentially serious consequences".
As of June 2010, there were three reported cases of Enterobacteriaceae isolates bearing this newly described resistance mechanism in the US, the CDC stated that "All three U.S. isolates were from patients who received recent medical care in India."[15] However, US experts stated that it is unclear if this strain is any more dangerous than existing antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which are already common in the USA.[16]
Structure of colistin, one of the few antibiotics able to treat NDM-1 positive bacterial infections.
In July 2010, a team in New Delhi reported a cluster of three cases of Acinetobacter baumannii bearing blaNDM-1 that were found in the intensive care unit of a hospital in Chennai, India in April 2010. As previously, the bacteria were fully resistant to all the aminoglycoside β-lactam and quinolone antibiotics, but were susceptible to tigecycline and colistin. This particularly broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance was heightened by the strain bearing expressing several different resistance genes in addition to blaNDM-1.[17]
A study by a multi-national team was published in the August 2010 issue of the journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases. This examined the emergence and spread of bacteria carrying the blaNDM-1 gene. This reported on 37 cases in the United Kingdom, 44 isolates with NDM-1 in Chennai, 26 in Haryana and 73 in various other sites in Pakistan and India.[1] The authors' analysis of the strains showed that many carried blaNDM-1 on plasmids, which will allow the gene to be readily transferred between different strains of bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. All the isolates were resistant to multiple different classes of antibiotics, including beta-lactam antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides, but most were still susceptible to the polymyxin antibiotic colistin.
On August 21, 2010, Ontario, Canada had its first confirmed case of the "superbug" in Brampton. There were other confirmed cases in British Columbia and Alberta.[18]
In early August 2010, a chemical compound GSK 299423, was found to significantly fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria by making such bacteria unable to reproduce, citing a likely treatment to the NDM-1 strain.[19][20][21][22]
On September 6, 2010, Japan detected its first ever case of the NDM-1 enzyme. In May 2009, a Japanese man in his 50's who had recently returned from vacation in India was struck with a fever and hospitalized, later making a full recovery. Hospital officials confirmed that tests carried out after the patients recovery were positive for the NDM-1 enzyme.[23]


Indian response:-
The Indian health ministry has disputed the conclusion of the August 2010 Lancet study that the gene originated in India, describing this conclusion as "unfair" and stating that Indian hospitals are perfectly safe for treatment.[24][25] Indian politicians have described linking this new drug resistance gene to India as “malicious propaganda” and blamed multinational corporations for what they describe as selective malignancy.[24][26] A Bharatiya Janata Party politician has instead argued that the journal article is bogus and represented an attempt to scare medical tourists away from India.[27] The Indian Ministry of Health released a statement "strongly refut[ing]" naming the enzyme "New Delhi".[28] The primary author of the 2010 Lancet study, who is based in the University of Madras, has stated that he does not agree with the part of the article that advises people to avoid elective surgeries in India.[29]
In contrast, an editorial in the March 2010 issue of the Journal of Association of Physicians of India blamed the emergence of this gene on the widespread misuse of antibiotics in the Indian healthcare system, stating that Indian doctors have "not yet taken the issue of antibiotic resistance seriously" and noting little control over the prescription of antibiotics by doctors and even pharmacists.[30] The Times of India states that there is general agreement among experts that India needs both an improved policy to control the use of antibiotics and a central registry of antibiotic-resistant infections.[29]


First death
In August 2010, the first reported death due to a bacteria expressing the NDM-1 enzyme was recorded as a Belgian man who had become infected while being treated in a hospital in Pakistan. He died despite being administered colistin, a powerful antibiotic. A doctor involved in his treatment said, "He was involved in a car accident during a trip to Pakistan. He was hospitalised with a major leg injury and then repatriated to Belgium, but he was already infected".[31] [32]

Name number (full name):- 5

Destiny number (birth date):- 8  

Personality number (consonants):- 9

Soul Urge (vowels):- 5

There are 8 letters in your name.
Those 8 letters total to 41
There are 3 vowels and 5 consonants in your name.
Your number is: 5
The characteristics of #5 are: Expansiveness, visionary, adventure, the constructive use of freedom.
The expression or destiny for #5:
The number 5 Expression endows with the wonderful characteristic of multi-talents and versatility. You can do so many things well. The tone of the number 5 is constructive freedom, and in your drive to attain this freedom, you will likely be the master of adaptability and change. You are good at presenting ideas and knowing how to approach people to get what you want. Naturally, this gives you an edge in any sort of selling game and spells easy success when it comes to working with people in most jobs. Your popularity may lead you toward some form of entertainment or amusement. Whatever you do, you are clever, analytical, and a very quick thinker.
If there is too much of the 5 energy in your makeup, you may express some the negative attitudes of the number. Your restless and impatient attitude may keep you from staying with any project for too long. Sometimes you can be rather erratic and scatter yourself and your energies. You have a hard time keeping regular office hours and maintaining any sort of a routine. You tend to react strongly if you sense that your freedom of speech or action is being impaired or restricted in any way. As clever as you are, you may have a tendency to make the same mistakes over and over again because much of your response is glib reaction rather that thoughtful application. You are in a continuous state of flux brought by constantly changing interests.
Your Soul Urge number is: 5
A Soul Urge number of 5 means: 
The 5 soul urge or motivation would like to follow a life of freedom, excitement, adventure and unexpected happening. The idea of travel and freedom to roam intrigues you. You are very much the adventurer at heart. Not particularly concerned about your future or about getting ahead, you can seem superficial and unmotivated.
In a positive sense, the energies of the number 5 make you very adaptable and versatile. You have a natural resourcefulness and enthusiasm that may mark you as a progressive with a good mind and active imagination. You seem to have a natural inclination to be a pace-setter. You are attracted to the unusual and the fast paced.
You may be overly restless and impatient at times. You may dislike the routine work that you are engaged in, and tend to jump from activity to activity, without ever finishing anything. You may have difficulty with responsibility. You don't want to be tied down to a relationship, and it may be hard to commit to one person.
Your Inner Dream number is: 9
An Inner Dream number of 9 means: 
You dream of being creative, intellectual, and universal; the selfless humanitarian. You understand the needy and want to help them. You would love to be a person people count on for support and advice.


you must be wondering what is this all about? Yes you guessed right its all about numerology. Though I can make no sense how it works, but however I succeeded to figure out how the predictions are derived. It seems every number has some value or attribute attached with it. 
1.independent, individualistic, martial, original, assertive, dominating, forceful, willful, pioneering, leading, initiating action, attaining
2.adaptable, understanding, gentle, cooperative, receptive, cautious, partnering, mediating
3.intelligent, communicative, social, learned, creative, diversified, dramatic, expressive
4.stability, firmness, security, conservative, practical, forms, systems, solidity, objectivity
5.expansion, change, adventure, speculation, visions, growing, evolution, curious, active, resourceful, struggle against limits, steady growth, a foundation
6.harmony, creativity, art, justice, balance, love, compassion, service, symbols, responsibility, protection, nurturing, community, sympathy
7.philosophical, quiet, analytical, introspective, understanding, intuitive, inspirational, reclusive, knowledge, awareness, studious, meditating
8.ambition, power, production, money, security, practicality, materialism, status oriented, power-seeking
9.completion, selflessness, compassion, generosity, benevolence, patience, endings, humanitarian, giving nature, obligations, creative expression
11.mass communication, group effort, intuition, cooperation, impersonality, higher spiritual plane, intuitive, illumination, idealist, a dreamer
22.expansive power, universal vision, manifestation, structural awareness, large endeavors, leadership, the Master Builder
33.Christ consciousness, master healer & teacher, total selflessness, master & teacher of "TRUE" unconditional love
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Well I will not discuss about how the numbers are calculated, there are more then hundreds of website which you can GOOGLE. Probably you already know how to get those number for you.
All what I want to share is my feeling about this numerology or astrology practice, does it really work?   well I haven't tried it yet and if I get time I will try it. I feel like as we can see two side of each coin and describe the coin seeing from both side, numerology also work the same way. The range of description provided to all people will cover almost all the expect of life. My MOM once consulted astrologer about me and my career with my so called "janam kundali", trust me, it was a disaster, actually a big disaster, bigger then what you can imagine.  Like today morning when I was listen to radio Fm , some famous numerologist, (what a stupid time pass)Student calling her to know which college to join and which stream to join in college, "shall we go for B tech, BE or BCA".."blah blah".."in which field can we shine more?"... "etc etc"...Most of the time when life get tough , when things do not happen as per our plan and desire, we tend to lean toward all such thing like numerology and astrology. we finish our college studies, BE, B TECH certificate in hand, then finding ourselves running everywhere for a JOB. Things get more worse when you get disqualified just cause the branch you studied are not on demand. People start asking several question, why this why that? Then you start feeling that theres something holding you back to get a JOB, then you search for that something and then you feel that its you who is not trying hard enough to get a job, then you feel its like you don't want to try enough, at beginning you try, you fail then you loose hope then start searching stylish answer for your failure.Everyone advice for higher studies and you feel like its been the biggest mistake of your life to choose that degree course in past but the same "you" was proud 3 - 4 year back for choosing the same degree course and now you are not proud enough to join the higher studies fearing the same consequences. Actually you should be proud of it, you have completed your graduation and have the certificate in hand, Steve and Bill was never lucky like you guys. So cheer up if u have finished your B tech or BE or graduation.
we are what we think, so take care of your thoughts.
All it matter is believe, you have to believe in yourself, it can change your life. Believe in yourselves or the numbers or the religions, the choice is yours. 
“The greatest religion is to be true to your own nature. Have faith in yourselves!”

Everyone has choice to make, don't let others make the choice for you.

High levels of sugar in the blood can cause tiredness, heart disease, strokes, blindness, nerve damage and kidney disease, reports the journal Food and Function.
The condition occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin - the hormone that regulates blood sugar - or when its insulin does not work properly, according to the Daily Mail.


Just a small glass of red wine (120 ml) contains as many of these active ingredients as a daily dose of an anti-diabetic drug, the researchers found.


Although the study didn't look at the effects of wine on people, study authors believe moderate drinking as part of a calorie controlled diet could protect against type 2 diabetes.


Past studies have shown that natural chemicals found in grape skin and wine called polyphenols can help the body control glucose levels, and prevent potentially dangerous spikes or dips in blood sugar.
The new study compared the polyphenol content of 12 different wine varieties. The team, from the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, found that levels were higher in red wines.


Alcohol can make blood glucose too high or too low. Moderate amount of alcohol can cause blood sugar to rise but excess alcohol can actually decrease your blood sugar level (sometimes to dangerous levels). When you drink, the alcohol goes from your stomach straight into your blood. Within 30 to 90 minutes after drinking, the alcohol in your bloodstream hit its highest point.
When there is no alcohol in your blood, liver keeps blood sugar level from going too low by changing stored carbohydrate into glucose, the glucose is then release into your blood. However, when alcohol enters your system, the liver treats alcohol as a toxin and works to rid the body of alcohol as quickly as possible. Until the alcohol has been processed and cleared, the liver will not produce glucose again. It takes your liver about 2 hours to break down one drink. If you drink alcohol faster than your liver can breaks it down, the liver will be busy breaking down alcohol and therefore will not be able to release glucose into your blood. This causes your blood glucose level to continue to drop and you may end up with very low blood sugar.


You can't fully enjoy your bottle of red wine without the proper glass to complement it. Red wine glasses are shorter than white wine glasses, wider and not as tall. They kind of look like a bowl, where as white wine glasses are tall and slim. 
The reason why you should choose the appropriate glass for your wine is that if you pour red wine into a white wine glass only a small part of the wine will come in contact with the air. And the key to enjoying the flavor of red wine is to allow it to oxidize. What this means is that you are trying to get the wine to aerate. As it breathes, the character of the wine is allowed to come out. This is also the reason why you would swirl the wine before taking a sip. 
1. Observing. Look at the wine.
2. Sniffing. Take a quick sniff for "off" odors.
3. Aerating. Rotate and swirl the wineglass in a circular motion in order to release the wine's aroma.
4. Smelling. A variation on the sniff, done after aeration, in which you concentrate on the wine's bouquet, smells, and aroma.
5. Tasting. Aerate the wine in your mouth and swallow.
6. Savoring. Concentrate on the wine's finish (the sensation and flavors left in your mouth after swallowing).


Research indicates that in general, the level of alcohol consumption associated with the least risk for people with diabetes is the same as that for the general population. It is recommended to limit alcohol intake to one drink for women and two drinks men.
One drink is defined as:-
300 ml of regular beer (150 calories),
120 ml of wine (less then 100 calories),
45 ml "shot" of distilled liquor (100 calories).


People with severe diabetes or people who take certain diabetes medications/insulin, and/or have diabetes related complications are recommended to consult their doctor for more personalized advice.

Thanks to my MOTOROKR E6

(no criticism allowed, and also I am not a photographer)

My life is full of surprises, but the problem is all kind of weird things happens in my life.This Is happening for last few days, out of no where someone came and started requesting/threatening for something which I have not done. Sometimes I feel like the movie GOLMAAL not only movie, it might have been taken some real life incidents.

Suddenly I am being threatened to stay away from a girl, the girl whom I never met in lifetime or rarely sent any mail, I don't even have her mobile number. Mail trail attached.

hemant bhatia ✆  to me

show details Oct 11 (2 days ago)

HI,
    DONT SEND ANY TYPE MAILS TO  SH####TA.


THANKS.

HEMANT BHATIA

Bizit Deb ✆  to hemant

show details Oct 11 (2 days ago)

Who are you? and which SH####TA? Coz I don remember I have been sending any mail to any one named SH####TA for long time..if u could let me know which mails are you talking about. 

Thank you for contacting.

Bizit Deb ✆  to hemant

show details Oct 11 (2 days ago)

Neither do I know you...I think you must have been forwarding mails to the wrong person, Please do check the Mail id twice before forwarding mails.

Thank you.

- Show quoted text -

hemant bhatia ✆  to me

show details Oct 12 (1 day ago)

I DON WAN U TO REMEMBER ANY SH####TA BRO, I M SENDING DIS MAIL TO RYT PERSON.MR.BIZIT,IF U DON REMEMBR ITS VERY GOOD, ELSE PLZZZZ.

THANKS FOR RYPLYING.

Bizit Deb ✆  to hemant

show details Oct 12 (1 day ago)

let the person who is having the problem talk to me. rest can stay away...If SH####TA or any one else who is having the trouble, let he or she talk to me directly. I don't entertain strangers. Please stay away...

- Show quoted text -

Bizit Deb ✆  to hemant

show details Oct 12 (1 day ago)

Since you are the first one to call me BRO... thanks for that..Then let me tell you BRO..we both are in middle of some kind of serious misunderstanding...But, now your mail got myself into thinking...I humbly request to tell me the whole story..no hard feelings...coz my sent item is not showing any mails to SH####TA..I guess I know only one SH####TA...the writer of the blog "#######"..

I am requesting you to let me know which mail of mine has offended her, coz thers no mail to her in my sent item...so please help me out..I am smelling something else..and probably I need to change my password too..but before that its important for me to know what happened exactly...

- Show quoted text -

hemant bhatia ✆  to me

show details 4:22 AM (5 hours ago)

I WILL NOT ALLOW HIM/HER  TALK TO U DEAR.JUST KEEP ONE THING IN MIND BRO.JST DON SEND ANY TYPES OF BLOGS OR XYZ .KK.BCOZ I WAN U TO STAY AWAY ,DATS THE MAIN THNG.


RST I DON WANNA LISTEN NY THNG.N I DON WANNA ANS NY THNG.


THANKS BRO. 

Bizit Deb ✆  to hemant

show details 9:44 AM (37 minutes ago)

I think we are in middle of misunderstanding...it would be great if u can forward me one sample of mail that has been troubling you, or else I will consider hemant bhatia to be a fake ID and will spam it next time..thanks talking to you..I don't have time for this shit.

- Show quoted text -

Oh My silly mind, now here are few aspects of this incident which happened to me. In-fact this incident can be a pretty interesting case. I informed this incident to one of my friend whose father works in Police. He told me to launch an FIR. cool advice, well right now I am not thinking to do any such thing. But lets view the incident from detective point of view.

1. Who is Hemant? 

Ans:- Hemant can be a imaginary entity or may also be a real entity. 

2. What happens if he is Imaginary Entity?

Ans:- If he is an Imaginary entity then probably the same girl is faking herself as Hemant and trying to reach you or trace you out by firing you up and expecting you to loose control to your hot mind and do some mistake which will add to her benefit.

so the advice is stay calm and ignore the mails.

3. What happens if he is Real entity?

Ans:- Now if he is real entity then many thing can happen. first thing who is he? 

        A) He might be her new boyfriend. Now if he is her new real boyfriend then I guess this incident should have never happened, coz he could have cleared it up with her before creating such nuisance and more importantly he should have forwarded the mails which probably was troubling her. 

So the apparent deduction can be that he is not her real boyfriend.

        B) He might be one of her dumb brother who mistook you to be her new boyfriend for some no apparent reason. In this case this is possible, well in this case he should have the courtesy to introduce himself as her Brother prior creating any nuisance. But Mr Hemant    already called Mr Bizit brother, so Bizit and Hemant is brother and so the girl is Bizit sister. So there actually should not have been any problem. solved..but seems its not solved so apparently this assumption is also wrong.

        c) He might be one of those road romeo who might be in love with her and have no JOB all day except poking others ASS.In this case situation cant be helped in INDIA.Mr Bizit suppose to inform the girl what is happening since she is involved and she can actually take some precaution from him.

        D) who so ever he is , he is dumbest guy in this whole world, coz he dont even know what he is speaking about. When you are trying to sort out the problem with cool head, he is trying to create more problem... so in either case both girl and you or anyone else should avoid this guy in any cost to avoid problem.

4)Which Mails He might be talking about? 

Ans:- Well since I haven't sent any mails to her, then which mails probably he is talking about. Well then I guess there only one option left. My blog contains my readers list. Who is being subscribed for automatic notification of my blogs new post. But any guy with little brain will understand that this are not the mails sent by me. This are the mails automatically generated whenever I post something new in my blogs and are sent to all the persons who has subscribed or start following my blogs.

In this scenario if the girl had some problem then she can unsubscribe anytime, I am not the one who forced her to follow my blog. Its users choice to decide.

But whatever it was, it really did helped me to come up with one more post for my BLOG.I am thankful one way or  another to her. It just remind me of one famous quotes from the movie forest Gump

Forrest Gump: My momma always said, "Life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get." 

Whosoever you are HEMANT BHATIA, I surely have no clue about her and neither I am close to her, so staying away from her is far cry for me since I am not at all close to her.

Worship PEACE